In electronics, a logic gate is an idealized or physical device implementing a. Diode logic was used extensively in the construction of early computers, where semiconductor diodes could replace bulky and costly active vacuum tube elements. To reflect this, the 5th edition of physics includes a substantial amount. In fact, nuclear energy is primarily used to generate electricity. I have attached the complete project report for your reference and you can download it for free here. The most common use for diode logic is in diodetransistor logic dtl integrated circuits that, in addition to diodes, include. Cmos technology and logic gates poly only 15,432,758 more meta pdiff ndiff mosfets to do. Logic gates are building blocks for processing information. These are some o level past papers questions of logic gates for people who have difficulty in solving them.
Logic gates use switch behavior of mos transistors to implement logical functions. Quality of design quality of a hardware design primarily judged by. Lab 1 part 2 identify the 7400 series ttl gates and look up their data sheets. One kind of logic gate, known as the and gate, could, for example, quickly determine whether two people agree to a business deal. Nand gate this basic logic gate is the combination of and and not gate. Photonic logic gates use nonlinear optical effects. Nuclear energy is one of many alternatives of generating electricity. Jun 19, 2019 the inputs of the logic gates are designed to receive only binary data only low 0 or high 1 by receiving the voltage input. Describe and, or or nand, nor logic gates realize logic gates belonging to different logic families such as dtl, ttl and cmos understand. Digital electronics verify that the logic of the 7402 nor gate is identical to the basic unit using one of the gates in the module. Digital electronic circuits operate with voltages of two logic levels namely logic low and logic high. Logic gates process digital signals in a specific manner and are used in calculators, digital watches, etc.
Logic gates are the electronic circuits in a digital system that are mainly based on the boolean function. Logic gates can be made from quantum mechanical effects though quantum computing usually diverges from boolean design. Aim to study about logic gates introduction logic gates. In this the variable permitted to have only values true offalse usually written as 1 or 0. It explains the differences between the three logic gates and also when two or more are combined. Logic gates are used to carry out logical operations on single or multiple binary inputs and give one binary output. Introduction to logic gates using transistor technology, we can create basic eve engels, 2006 slide 1 of 20 logic gates that perform boolean operations on high 5v and low 0v signals. Diode logic dl, or dioderesistor logic drl, is the construction of boolean logic gates from diodes. Describe and, or or nand, nor logic gates realize logic gates belonging to different logic families such as dtl, ttl and cmos understand the factors that define the performance of a logic gate. The electronics circuits which implement the various logic operations are known as logic gates. Its not easy to find flash cards for a level physics. Be familiar with drawing and interpreting logic gate circuit. Physics iii year manonmaniam sundaranar university.
Basic logic gates pdf created with pdffactory trial version. Physics project report logic and gate for class 12. The three bestknown logic gates are the not, and, and or gates shown in. When you switch on a light in your house, the output value is level 1 which turns the light on.
And not or v complete the diagram in part a above to show how. Consequently the output is solely a function of the current inputs. Logic gates practice problems key points and summary first set of problems from q. An output of one logic gate can be an input to another logic gate.
Logic gates class 12 physics investigatory project report. We can connect any number of logic gates to design a required digital circuit. Mar 29, 2014 covers not, and, or, nand and nor logic gates. Whats the best way to implement a given logic function. This creates trees of gates that depend on each other. We can connect any number of logic gates to design a. Basic logic gates types, functions, truth table, boolean. The gate is either a nand or an ex or gate b nor or an exnor gate c an or or an ex nor gate d an and or an exor gate gate 1994. In part i you probably assumed correctly that any input not connected to anything would be low. A logic gate is a circuit with one or more input voltages but only one output voltages. Electricity that goes through the gates represents a 1 of digital data, and blocked electricity is a 0. The inputs of the logic gates are designed to receive only binary data only low 0 or high 1 by receiving the voltage input. The karnaugh map provides a method for simplifying boolean expressions it will produce the simplest sop and pos expressions works best for less than 6 variables similar to a truth table it maps all possibilities a karnaugh map is an array of cells arranged in a special manner the number of cells is 2n where n number of variables a 3variable karnaugh map. Physics investigatory project class 12 on topic logic gates slideshare uses cookies to improve functionality and performance, and to provide you with relevant advertising.
The interconnection of gates to perform a variety of logical operation is called logic design. The operation of logic gates is normally done by logic digital integrated circuits ics. There is an intro to boolean language and binary but not too much. Based on this system, a couple of switches are made and they are called logic gates. If the two input numbers are equal, it will go into its. Reversible logic reversible are circuits gates that have onetoone mapping between vectors of inputs and outputs. Apr 08, 2018 the best physics o level notes compiled from all around the world at one place for your ease so you can prepare for your tests and examinations with the satisfaction that you have the best resources available to you. Usually 5 v is assigned for logic 1 level and 0 v for the 0logic level. They are combined together to form several other logic gate. Gate inputs are driven by voltages having two nominal values, e. Standard binary coded decimal code is commonly known as a weighted 8421 bcd. They connect together to form logic gates, which in turn are used to form logic circuits. Other terms which are used for the true and false states are shown in the table.
Based on this, logic gates are named as and gate, or gate, not gate etc. Later, we will study circuits having a stored internal state, i. Logic gates have been made out of dna see dna nanotechnology and used to create a computer called maya see mayaii. Practicing all logic gates basic science entrance exam questions and answers in online helps you to improve your ability to attend the real time maths, chemistry, physics entrance exams. Gates physics registertransfer level verilog rtl todays. The building block of digital computers and calculators. The noise margin is the amount of noise that can be introduced between a set of logic gates without causing the output gate to switch logic states. Logic gate questions 1 this question is about not and and logic gates. And not or v complete the diagram in part a above to show how the two logic gates are used to connect the input sensors to the relay. The relationship between the input and the output is based on a certain logic. The low logic level represents zero volts and high logic level represents 3 or 5 volts positive supply voltage. Depending on the context, the term may refer to an ideal logic gate, one that has for.
Lets say a certain logic gate needs to determine if two numbers are equal. To reflect this, the 5th edition of physics includes a substantial amount of new material on logic gates and their uses. Logic gates animation very comprehensive tutorial on the working of logic gates with truth tables. Because of its wide use in modern digital electronics the nand gate will be considered as a basic building block for a variety of logic circuits. Also show their logic symbol, use the function in an equation and show the truth table for one gate in each of the integrated circuits. The most common postulates used to formulate various algebraic structures are. Reversible logic fundamentals reversible gates basic. A simple introduction to logic gates, covering transistors, boolean algebra, and or not nor nand xor and xnor gates and how to build a very basic computer. See page 475 of the text for the exact conventions for ttl as well as other hardware gate technologies.
Static gates have relatively large noise margins nm h v oh. The three gates or, and and not, when connected in various combinations, give us basic logic gates such as nand, nor gates, which are the universal building blocks of digital circuits. Logic gates actually look like weird bugs in real life. Boolean logic boolean algebra voltage state voltage state. In fact a number of other logic gates can be constructed from nand gates as is shown below. The range of voltages corresponding to logic low is represented with 0. In simple terms, logic gates are the electronic circuits in a digital system. Introduction to logic gates not, and, nand, or, nor. The input of these gates can be combinations of on or off states and they are known as 1s or 0s. Precharge logic gates have a much lower noise margin than conventional static cmos. At the simplest level, computers are little more than a collection of transistors and circuits. Construct truth tables for the following logic gates. Logic gates are the basic building blocks of any digital system. The basic logic gates arethe inverter or not gate, the and gate, the or gate and the exclusiveor gate xor.
Physics project free download as powerpoint presentation. Combinations of these switching circuits can be made into logic gates that will perform simple decisions within a microprocessor. When you switch it off, the output value drops to level 0, switching the light off. These logic gates are the building block of digital circuit. Digital electronics part i combinational and sequential.
Cmos technology and logic gates mit opencourseware. In the case of the ttl logic gates we will be using in the lab, the low voltage state is roughly 01 volt and the high state is roughly 2. Physics is the scientific study of matter and energy and how they interact with each other. Abbott, this is my fifteen minute tribute to you for writing a great h.
Friends, heres a great physics investigatory project for class 12 students. Basic logic gates tutorial logic gates animation with. It is an electronic circuit having one or more than one input and only one output. Dedicated to help students excel in physics by giving notes, motivation and resources especially for o level, high school, secondary school students. I hold a phd in condensed matter physics and have worked as a ta teaching introductory physics at both florida and cornell universities. The o level physics content here is equivalent to the physics required to obtain american high school diploma. Digital electronics part i combinational and sequential logic. Logic gates not, or, and, nor, nand, xor, xnor gate, pdf. For any other combination of inputs, the output is logic 1 level.
If this is too basic for you, you can read up on a level physics equivalent to advanced placement most of the topics have. Jan 16, 2018 physics investigatory project class 12 on topic logic gates slideshare uses cookies to improve functionality and performance, and to provide you with relevant advertising. I found very few resources for this odd topic in igcse physics so i created this powerpoint for my classes. Jun 04, 2012 a simple introduction to logic gates, covering transistors, boolean algebra, and or not nor nand xor and xnor gates and how to build a very basic computer. These logic gates are the basis of all decisions within computers and from now on we will consider their effects rather then their internal structure. Logic gates computing fundamentals aqa gcse computer.
Underline the names of the two logic gates that should be used inside the control box. The best physics o level notes compiled from all around the world at one place for your ease so you can prepare for your tests and examinations with the satisfaction that you have the best resources available to you. Logic gates are used in almost every electronic device today that we take for granted. Introduction logic gates process signals which represent true or false. If you continue browsing the site, you agree to the use of cookies on this website. Its not clear what level of understanding youre looking for.
Basic logic gates tutorial logic gates animation with truth. The best physics o level notes o and a level notes. This is the latest edition that takes into account the requirements the east african examination council. The basic logic gates arethe inverter or not gate, the. Not gate the logic gates are represented with specific symbols in digital circuit. The document that kulan referred to is short, but has errors and inconsistencies, so i would not recommend it. These are binary digits, that has been the basis of the binary system. Logic gates 4 oo software design and construction 2input logic gate hierarchy it is sensible to view each of the 2input logic gates as a specialized subtype of a generic logic gate a base type which has 2 input wires and transmits its output to a single output wire. The output of a logic gate is 1 when all its input are at logic 0. However, the diagrams we use are easier to understand. In this lesson, we will further look at the different types of basic logic gates with their truth table and.
Logic gates class 12 physics investigatory project. Not, or, and and gates are the basic types of gates. Similarly, the range of voltages corresponding to logic high is represented with 1. Ldr logic level at p column 2 switch logic level at q column 3 parking light onoff column 4 logic level at x.
Aug 29, 2015 these are some o level past papers questions of logic gates for people who have difficulty in solving them. These cards fill the void with lots of cards, covering the major topics that you need to know. Describe in your lab report each of their functions. Gce o level physics notes mini physics learn physics.
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